Passenger tire having low rolling resistance with improved wet traction and treadwear

ABSTRACT

A tire having a tread includes an outer tread layer and an inner tread layer. The inner tread layer includes one of a first elastomeric compound and a second elastomeric compound. The outer tread layer includes the other of the first and second elastomeric compounds. The second elastomeric compound has a lower rolling resistance and greater resistance to treadwear than the first elastomeric compound. The inner tread layer increases in thickness across at least a widthwise portion of the outer tread layer with a maximum thickness of one of the inner tread layer and the outer tread layer occurring near at least one of a first shoulder and a second shoulder of the tread. As the tread wears, the inner tread layer defines a greater proportion of a running surface of the tread.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/956,870, entitled “Passenger Tire Having Low Rolling Resistance withImproved Wet Traction and Treadwear,” filed Nov. 30, 2010 (pending),which claims the benefit of and is a continuation application of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/943,584 entitled “Passenger Tire HavingLow Rolling Resistance with Improved Wet Traction and Treadwear” filedNov. 10, 2010 (abandoned), the disclosures of which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally concerns pneumatic radial tires, and,more particularly, a radial tire for a passenger vehicle that maintainsa low rolling resistance while having good wet traction and treadwearthroughout the usable life of the tire.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The primary purpose of the tread is to provide traction with the roadsurface. Sufficient traction is particularly important in inclementweather when the road surface is covered with precipitation. To maintaintraction in less-than-ideal road conditions, the tread is most oftendesigned with a tread pattern. The tread pattern consists of one or moregrooves or channels in the surface of the tire. The grooves may dividethe tread into regions, often referred to as “lugs.” The grooves helpthe tread maintain traction with the road by allowing the tread to expelprecipitation from between the lugs and the road surface. Traction isalso dependent upon the composition of the tread. Compositions with goodtraction are known, but simply selecting a composition for improvedtraction can have negative repercussions on the other characteristics ofthe tire, as set forth below, such as the wear resistance and rollingresistance.

The rolling resistance of the tire influences the fuel efficiency of thevehicle. It is desirable to reduce the rolling resistance to increasefuel efficiency. Generally as a tire wears, its rolling resistancedecreases because the mass of the tire decreases. Like traction, rollingresistance is also dependent upon the composition of the tire. However,while compounds having low rolling resistance are desirable for improvedfuel efficiency, those same compounds often do not provide the necessaryminimum traction. The reverse is also true. That is, a compound withgood traction properties typically exhibits an unacceptably high levelof rolling resistance.

In addition, another characteristic of the tread is its wear resistance.The useable life of a tire is generally determined by the number ofmiles that can be driven on the tire before the tire tread becomesunacceptably thin, which is dictated by safety concerns. For this reasonand others, it is desirable for the tread to resist wear. The compoundfrom which the tread is made also determines the resistance of the tireto wear. However, similar to the competing characteristics betweenrolling resistance and traction characteristics of the tread, set forthabove, compounds that are ideal for reducing treadwear typically exhibitpoor traction.

To complicate matters, the rolling resistance and traction of a tiretread change as the tread inevitably wears away—there is a dynamicrelationship between these characteristics. For instance, the rollingresistance of the tire generally decreases as the tread wears simplybecause of the simultaneous reduction in the weight of the tread.Furthermore, when the tread wears away or thins, the volume of the treadpattern is reduced. Since the tread pattern is primarily responsible forallowing the tread to maintain traction on wet or snow covered roads,reduction in the thickness of the tread, and the consequential loss inthe void volume and sipping depth of the tread pattern, reduces thetraction of the tread in these circumstances. Therefore, where rollingresistance generally decreases, which is a desirable trend, the tractionof the tread in inclement weather also decreases, which is anundesirable trend.

As a result, it is common practice to construct a tread of a compoundthat is essentially a tradeoff between traction, rolling resistance, andtreadwear. The application for the tire may dictate whether any one ofthese characteristics is to be emphasized. However, where one of thecharacteristics is emphasized, the remaining characteristics of the tirecan be less than optimum.

Therefore, there remains a need for tire treads that exhibit desirablecombinations of traction, rolling resistance, and treadwearcharacteristics that can be maintained throughout the useable life ofthe tire.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a pneumatic tire that maintains alow rolling resistance while having good wet traction and treadwearthroughout the usable life of the tire.

In one embodiment, the pneumatic tire includes an outer circumferentialtread having an outer tread layer in direct and continuous contact withan inner tread layer. The outer and inner tread layers together definethe thickness of the tread. The inner tread layer includes one of afirst elastomeric compound or a second elastomeric compound, and theouter tread layer includes the other of the first elastomeric compoundor the second elastomeric compound. The second elastomeric compoundhaving lower rolling resistance and greater resistance to treadwear thanthe first elastomeric compound. The inner tread layer increases inthickness across at least a widthwise portion of the outer tread layer.A maximum thickness of one of the inner tread layer and the outer treadlayer is near at least one of a first shoulder and a second shoulder ofthe tread. As the tread wears, the inner tread layer defines a greaterproportion of a running surface of the tread.

In another embodiment, an outer circumferential tread has an outer treadlayer in direct and continuous contact with an inner tread layer. Theouter and inner tread layers together define the tread thickness. Atread pattern that has tire grooves extends through the outer treadlayer and into the inner tread layer. The valleys of the tire groovesare devoid of the outer tread layer. The inner tread layer has a maximumthickness near a central region of the tread and includes a firstelastomeric compound. The outer tread layer includes a secondelastomeric compound having lower rolling resistance and greaterresistance to treadwear than the first elastomeric compound. The outertread layer increases in thickness across at least a widthwise portionof the outer tread layer from near the central region of the tread to amaximum thickness near at least one of a first shoulder and a secondshoulder of the tread to provide longer lasting wear resistance for thetire at the at least one shoulder. As the tread wears, the inner treadlayer defines a greater proportion of a running surface of the tread.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be described by way of example and with reference tothe accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a tire with a tire tread constructedaccording to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the tire of FIG. 1 showing apartially worn tread;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the tire of FIG. 2 followingadditional wear of the tread;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a tire with a tire tread constructedaccording to another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a tire with a tire tread constructedaccording to another embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 6 is a graphical representation of a relationship betweentemperature and tan delta (δ) for two different elastomeric compoundsaccording to one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

With reference generally to FIGS. 1-5, there is shown a pneumatic tire10 that includes sidewalls 12, inextensible beads 14, a supportingcarcass 16, and an outer circumferential tread 18. The individualsidewalls 12 extend radially inward from the axial outer edges orshoulders 20, 22 of the tread 18 to join the respective inextensiblebeads 14. The opposing shoulders 20, 22 define the width of the tread 18and join the respective sidewall 12 with the tread 18. The supportingcarcass 16 may include a reinforcing structure 24 that further includesa belt structure 26 disposed outwardly of the supporting carcass 16. Aninnerliner (not shown) may line the interior of the supporting carcass16 to inhibit the passage of air or other gases from within the tire 10over prolonged periods. The outer circumferential tread 18 is adapted tocontact the road during use of the tire 10. And, in that regard, theouter circumferential tread 18 provides a combination of traction,rolling resistance, and treadwear characteristics that are maintainedthroughout the useable life of the tire.

To that end and with reference to FIG. 1, the outer circumferentialtread 18 includes a matrix or tread pattern 28 comprising one or moregrooves 30 that define lugs or tread elements 32 therebetween. The treadelements 32 collectively define the contact or running surface 34 of thetread 18 during use of the tire 10. The grooves 30 form voids betweenthe adjacent tread elements 32 when the elements 32 are in contact withthe road surface. The voids provide a collection point for escape ofmaterial, for example, water, from between the elements 32 and the roadsurface thereby improving contact, and thus traction, between the tire10 and the road. Absent the grooves 30, the tire 10 would be more likelyto hydroplane when driven through water. However, it will be appreciatedthat the benefit of grooves 30 may lessen as the tread 18 wears. As willbe described in more detail below, the composition of the runningsurface 34 of the tread 18 changes as the tread 18 wears such that thetread 18 exhibits less variation in the performance over the life of thetire 10. Furthermore, the compositional changes are location specific.Thus, the composition of the tread 18 varies by region of the runningsurface 34.

In this regard, the outer circumferential tread 18 includes two or morelayers arranged to cause variation in their exposure as the tread 18wears. In one embodiment and with reference to FIG. 1, the tread 18includes an outer tread layer 36 and an inner tread layer 38. As shown,the outer tread layer 36 resides at a generally greater radial distancefrom the axis of rotation (not shown) of the tire 10 than the innertread layer 38. Generally, of the outer and inner tread layers 36, 38, alarger proportion of the outer tread layer 36 wears away earlier in thelife of the tread 18 than the inner tread layer 38 due to its relativeradial position. The outer and inner tread layers 36, 38 may reside indirect and continuous contact with one another such that together theydefine the tread thickness, T, when the tire 10 is new. The outer andinner tread layers 36, 38 may be well-defined layers having anidentifiable change in composition across an interface between the two,as set out below. Alternatively, the outer and inner tread layers 36, 38may be formed by extruding multiple compositions simultaneously therebyforming a gradient in composition between the outer and inner layers 36,38. As such, the interface between the outer and inner layers 36, 38 maynot be well defined.

With continuing reference to FIG. 1, when the tire 10 is new, thethickness, T, of the tread 18 may be defined by the combined thicknessof the outer tread layer 36 and the inner tread layer 38. The depth ofthe grooves 30 may be less than the thickness T of the tread 18. Assuch, the grooves 30 may extend through the outer tread layer 36, butonly partially into the inner tread layer 38. The valleys of thegrooves, which is the deepest extent of the grooves 30, may, therefore,be devoid of the outer tread layer 38. The outer tread layer 36 may,therefore, be discontinuous or broken between elements 32 by the grooves30. And, the inner tread layer 38 may be exposed in the grooves 30 butthe inner tread layer 38 may be continuous across the width of the tread18. It will be appreciated, however, that the embodiments of theinvention are not so limited. For example, when the thickness of theouter tread layer 36 is approximately equal to the thickness T of thetread 18, the grooves 30 may not extend through the outer tread layer36. A portion of the outer tread layer 36 would thus be left intactbetween adjacent tread elements 32. However, because of variation inthickness, described below, the groove 30 may extend through the outertread layer 36 at another widthwise location such that the inner treadlayer 38 is exposed at or near the valley portion of at least one groove30 in the tread 18. In addition, although not shown, an undertread layermay reside between the reinforcing structure 24 and the tread 18, forexample, directly between the inner tread layer 38 and structure 24 andmay be formed of a similar compound as the outer or inner tread layers36, 38.

In addition to the difference in radial placement, the inner tread layer38 is made of a different elastomeric compound than the outer treadlayer 36. Unless otherwise referred to herein, the inner tread layer 38may be made of a first elastomeric compound, and the outer tread layer36 may be made of a second elastomeric compound. While each of the firstand second elastomeric compounds are described in more detail below, inone embodiment, the second elastomeric compound may have a lower rollingresistance and a greater resistance to wear than the first elastomericcompound. Alternatively, or in addition thereto, the first elastomericcompound may have a greater wet traction than the second elastomericcompound.

According to embodiments of the invention, the combination of compoundproperties and arrangement of the tread layers 36, 38 provide the tread18 with a level of rolling resistance, wet traction, and wear resistancethat may be maintained during the life of the tire 10. Overall variationof one or more of these properties over the life of the tire 10 may beless as compared to that which is observed by a tread made of a monolithof homogenous material or a tread made of uniform layers. For example,when a tread is homogenous, the wear resistance, wet traction, androlling resistance may vary throughout the life of a tire, and in someinstances the variation is significant. Specifically, if the tread on atire is homogenous and is between 0.35 and 0.60 inches thick, thevariation in the rolling resistance over the life of the tread may befrom 20% to 40%. That is, the rolling resistance may decrease by as muchas 40% from the new condition to near the time that the tread is wornout. Similarly, the wet traction characteristic of the tread may varysignificantly. For example, hydroplaning may be more probable as thetread wears, possibly increasing in frequency by 40 to 60%. Wettraction, as measured by breaking distance on a wet surface, may bereduced by 10 to 30% over the life of a homogenous tread. The vehiclethus requires an increase in distance to come to a stop as the treadthins. The life expectancy of a homogenous tread may be in the range of20,000 to 80,000 miles. It will be appreciated that the variation in theabove characteristics of a homogenous tread may depend on the tire size,its construction, the tread pattern, the tread compound, and variationin testing procedures.

In one embodiment and with reference to FIG. 1, when the tread 18 is newor near new, the outer and inner tread layers 36, 38 are not of uniformthickness either individually or with respect to the other layer in awidthwise region of the tread 18. In this respect, the thickness of eachof the outer and inner tread layers 36, 38 may be described as one of acontinuously increasing, or continuously decreasing, nature in thewidthwise region. As set forth herein, the widthwise region extends overmore than one tread element 32. For example, the widthwise region mayextend across two tread elements 32, across a majority of the tread 18,or nearly the full width of the tread 18.

In particular, in one embodiment and with reference to FIG. 1, due tothe continuous thickness variation, the thickness of the inner treadlayer 38 may not be the same at any two locations along the widthwiseregion. By way of example, the variation in the thickness of the innertread layer 38 from its maximum thickness to its minimum thickness inthe widthwise region may be of a continuously increasing relationship.As shown in FIG. 1, the continuous increase in the thickness of theinner tread layer 38 may be approximately linear. Similarly, thethickness of the outer tread layer 36 also continuously varies in thewidthwise region. In embodiments of the invention in which the outertread layer 36 complements the variation in the thickness of the innertread layer 38 to form the tread 18 having a uniform thickness, theouter tread layer 36 may also vary linearly in thickness across thewidthwise region, though in a decreasing manner.

As introduced above, there may be no relationship between the thicknessof the outer tread layer 36 and thickness of the inner tread layer 38,except that at any particular location in the widthwise region, the twothicknesses may define the thickness T of the tread 18 at that location.As such, the outer tread layer 36 may be substantially thicker than theinner tread layer 38 at all points across the widthwise region.Alternatively, the inner tread layer 38 may be substantially thickerthan the outer tread layer 36 at all locations along the widthwiseregion. It will be appreciated that the relative thickness of the layers36, 38 may depend on the depth of the grooves 30 and the compositions ofthe outer and inner tread layers 36, 38, among other factors. In oneembodiment, however, the maximum thickness of the outer tread layer 36may nearly coincide with the minimum thickness of the inner tread layer38. While the maximum thickness of each of the outer and inner treadlayers 36, 38 are shown as being approximately equal, the embodiments ofthe invention are not so limited, as set out above.

With continuing reference to FIG. 1, the widthwise region extends fromnear one shoulder 20 to near the other shoulder 22. The maximumthickness of the outer tread layer 36 occurs near the shoulder 20 andthe maximum thickness of the inner tread layer 38 occurs near theopposing shoulder 22. To that end, the respective minimum thicknesses ofthe outer and inner tread layers 36, 38 occur at shoulder 22 andshoulder 20, respectively. The inner tread layer 38 continuouslyincreases, and the outer tread layer 36 continuously decreases, inthickness from the minimum thickness to the maximum thickness betweenthe shoulders 20, 22. As shown, the variation in thickness isapproximately linear for the outer and inner tread layers 36, 38 betweenthe shoulders 20, 22. Although not shown, it will be appreciated thatthe thickness of the inner tread layer 38 may decrease, rather thanincrease, from shoulder 20 to shoulder 22 with the outer tread layer 36increasing rather than decreasing. It will also be appreciated thatwhile a linear relationship or an approximation thereof is shown anddescribed, the relative thickness variation between the outer and innertread layers 36, 38 may be represented by another mathematicalexpression, such as, a quadratic relationship, and still maintain acontinuously increasing, or decreasing, thickness relationship.

As a result of the tread configuration shown in FIG. 1, as the tread 18wears, portions of both of the tread layers 36, 38 are removed. By thisconfiguration, a continuously increasing proportion of the inner treadlayer 38, and a continuously decreasing proportion of the outer treadlayer 36, forms the running surface 34 along the width of the tread 18.With reference now to FIGS. 1 and 2, since the outer tread layer 36 ismade of the second elastomeric compound, i.e., a compound that is moreresistant to wear and has a lower rolling resistance than the compoundof the inner tread layer 38, the outer tread layer 18 lasts longer thana tread made of a homogenous material having greater wet traction thanthe second elastomeric compound. Thus, to wear the tread 18 from the newor near new condition of FIG. 1 to the partially worn condition of FIG.2 may take longer than it would for such a homogenous material. Further,in one embodiment, the thickness of the outer tread layer 36 can beincreased at locations subject to high wear or loading that would likelyaccelerate treadwear.

At some time during the life of the tire 10, the tread 18 is worn to thecondition shown in FIG. 2. As shown, the inner tread layer 38 may formthe running surface 34 from the shoulder 22 to about the midpoint of thetread width. The inner tread layer 38 therefore forms a continuousportion of the running surface 34 from the shoulder 22 to the locationon the running surface 34 where the outer tread layer 36 remains.Because the first elastomeric compound exhibits improved wet tractionversus the second elastomeric compound, the tread 18 exhibits improvedwet traction in the region including the shoulder 22 versus the secondelastomeric compound. The tread 18 also exhibits resistance to treadwearand lower rolling resistance because the outer tread layer 36 is exposedin the region of the tread that includes the shoulder 20. Thus, as thetread 18 wears from the condition of FIG. 1 to the condition of FIG. 2,the influence of the properties of the first elastomeric compound on thetread 18 performance increases and may be generally proportional to thegradual increase in the exposed surface area of the first elastomericcompound along the running surface 34. Similarly, the influence of theproperties of the second elastomeric compound on the tread 18 graduallydecreases because the surface area of the outer tread layer 36 decreasesas a proportion of the running surface 34 also decreases. Thus, by thecontinuously increasing or decreasing thickness relationship, theoverall tread properties change as the tread 18 wears. The tire 10 maythus be characterized by decreased rolling resistance and improved wearresistance initially with a gradual shift to improved wet traction asthe tread wears. Further, the gradual shift is predetermined accordingto the thickness relationship between the outer and inner tread layers36, 38. It will be appreciated that the continuous thickness variationand composition of each of the outer and inner tread layers 36, 38 maybe adjusted to obtain a predetermined balance between rollingresistance, wet traction, and wear resistance not observed in homogenoustreads or in uniformly layered treads at similar periods during the lifeof the tire 10, as set forth above.

With reference to FIG. 3, after the tread 18 is further worn, in whichcase the running surface 34 of the tread 10 may approach at least one ofthe deepest or valley portions of the grooves 30, the inner tread layer38 forms a majority of the running surface 34, possibly leaving only asmall portion of the outer tread layer 36 near the shoulder 20. However,it will be appreciated that over the life of the tire 10, the outertread layer 36 may be completely removed with only the inner tread layer38 remaining, such as, up to a point that is slightly less than thedepth of the grooves 30. The reinforcing structure 24 may, thus, nevercontact the road surface during use of the tire 10.

Advantageously, the tire 10 with the new configuration shown in FIG. 1and wear pattern shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 may be constructed with themaximum thickness of the outer tread layer 36 positioned at a locationof greatest wear or deformation to improve the endurance or life of thetire 10. In addition, the continuous change in thickness relationbetween the outer and inner tread layers 36, 38 may provide apredetermined, graduated offset of the loss in volume of the grooves 30with improvement in the wet traction provided by the inner tread layer38. The relationship of the outer and inner tread layers 36, 38 may besuch that the rate of exposure of the inner tread layer 38 substantiallycompensates for a reduction in the volume of the tire grooves 30continuously over the life of the tire 10. The thickness relationship ofthe outer and inner tread layers 36, 38 may also be configured tomaintain a minimal rolling resistance of the tread 18 while maintainingthe wet traction of the tread 18 near the level observed in the “new”condition. The minimal rolling resistance is that which providesacceptable fuel efficiency. It will be appreciated that the continuousthickness variation over the particular widthwise region between theouter and inner tread layers 36, 38 may be adjusted such that the outertread layer 36 may wear away sooner or later during the life of the tire10. The timing of any complete removal of the outer tread layer 36 maybe predetermined and may depend upon the compositions of the first andsecond elastomeric compounds, the thickness of the tread 18, and thedepth of the grooves 30, among other factors.

With reference now to FIG. 4, in another embodiment of the presentinvention, the continuous thickness variation between layers 36, 38 andcompositional differences thereof may extend over two widthwise regions(40A and 40B) of the tread 18. As with the embodiments described above,the widthwise regions 40A, 40B may include more than one tread element32. The widthwise regions 40A, 40B may be approximately the same overallwidth, or they may be of different overall widths. One region 40A may bebetween the shoulder 20 and central region or the centerline (C) of thetread 18, and the other region 40B may be between the centerline (C) ofthe tread 18 and the shoulder 22. By way of example only, the tworegions 40A, 40B may be arranged symmetrically on either side of thecenterline (C), as shown. Thus, the outer and inner tread layers 36, 38may be arranged nearly symmetrically with respect to the centerline (C)of the tread 18. It will be appreciated that while two widthwise regions40A, 40B of the tread 18 are shown and described herein, multiplewidthwise regions may be formed in accordance with the embodiments ofthe invention shown and described herein.

With continuing reference to FIG. 4, the widthwise regions 40A, 40Bextend from the shoulder 20 to the centerline (C) of the tread width andfrom the centerline (C) to the shoulder 22. Thus, the two regions 40A,40B essentially extend the full width of the tread 18. A maximumthickness of the inner tread layer 38 may be located near the centerline(C) of the tread 18. As such, the inner tread layer 38 may continuouslyincrease in thickness from near the shoulder 20 to the centerline (C) ofthe tread 18 and then continuously decreases in thickness fromcenterline (C) of the tread 18 to the shoulder 22. The individualthicknesses of the outer and inner tread layers 36, 38 may be unrelated.The thickness variation of the inner tread layer 38 shown isapproximately linear across each region 40A, 40B. Thus, the thickness ofthe inner tread layer 38 varies linearly with respect to the widthwiselocation within the respective widthwise region 40A, 40B. Where thetread 18 is of a uniform thickness, the outer tread layer 36 varies inthickness such that it complements the thickness variation of the innertread layer 38. The outer tread layer 36 gradually decreases from theshoulder 20 to the centerline (C) and then increases in thickness fromthe centerline (C) to the shoulder 22. By way of example, the outertread layer 36 may vary linearly across both widthwise regions 40A, 40B.It will be appreciated that while a linear relationship or anapproximation thereof is shown and described, the relative thicknessvariation between the outer and inner tread layers 36, 38 may berepresented by other mathematical expressions and still maintain acontinuously increasing, or decreasing, thickness relationship. Thecombined thicknesses of the outer and inner tread layers 36, 38 may thusrepresent the thickness of the tread 18 at any widthwise location on thetread 18. It will be appreciated that the invention is not limited tohaving a uniformly thick tread. Furthermore, while the linearrelationships shown are similar in each respective widthwise region 40A,40B, embodiments of the present invention are not limited to similarlinear relationships between the two regions 40A, 40B. It will beappreciated that one region may be a linear relationship while thesecond or other widthwise regions may be a nonlinear, though of acontinuously increasing or decreasing thickness nature.

Similar to the embodiments of the tire 10 shown in FIGS. 1-3, the innertread layer 38 of FIG. 4 may be made of the first elastomeric compoundand the outer tread layer 36 may be made of the second elastomericcompound. The second elastomeric compound may have a greater wearresistance and a lower rolling resistance than the first elastomericcompound. Alternatively or in addition thereto, the first elastomericcompound may have a greater wet traction than the second elastomericcompound. However, where an alternative wear pattern or a change in wettraction and/or rolling resistance is desirable to address a particulartire configuration, the inner tread layer 38 in FIGS. 1 and 4 may bemade of the second elastomeric compound and the outer tread layer 36 maybe made of the first elastomeric compound.

During wear of the tread 18 having the configuration shown in FIG. 4,the outer tread layer 36 in the central region of the tread 18 mayinitially wear away, though it forms a portion of the tread 18 at eachshoulder 20, 22, exposing the inner tread layer 38 in the centralregion. Thus, in embodiments in which the second elastomeric compoundhas a greater wear resistance and lower rolling resistance than thefirst elastomeric compound, the tire 10 exhibits longer life versus atread made of a homogenous compound having a greater wet traction. Inaddition, in one embodiment, when the first elastomeric compound has agreater wet traction than the second elastomeric compound, the innertread layer 38 in the central region may initially compensate for theloss of the depth of the grooves 30 in the central region. It will beappreciated that in one embodiment in which the two widthwise regionsare not arranged symmetrically, exposure of the inner tread layer 38 mayalso not be symmetrical with respect to the centerline or midpoint ofthe tread 18. An asymmetrical exposure of the inner tread layer 38 withrespect to the centerline of the tread 18 may compensate for knownasymmetrical loading on the tread 18 or another characteristic of thetire 10.

With reference now to FIG. 5, in another embodiment of the presentinvention, the continuous thickness variation between layers 36, 38 andcompositional differences thereof may extend over two widthwise regions42A and 42B of the tread 18. Similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4,the widthwise regions 42A, 42B of FIG. 5 define the total width of thetread 18 and may include more than one tread element 32. The widthwiseregions 42A, 42B may be approximately the same overall width, or theymay be different overall widths. One region 42A may be between theshoulder 20 and central region or the centerline (C) of the tread 18,and the other region 42B may be between the centerline (C) of the tread18 and the shoulder 22. By way of example only, the two regions 42A, 42Bmay be arranged symmetrically on either side of the centerline (C), asshown. Thus, the outer and inner tread layers 36, 38 may be arrangednearly symmetrically with respect to the centerline (C) of the tread 18.It will be appreciated that while two widthwise regions 42A, 42B of thetread 18 are shown and described herein, multiple widthwise regions maybe formed in accordance with the embodiments of the invention shown anddescribed herein.

With continuing reference to FIG. 5, the widthwise regions 42A, 42Bextend from the shoulder 20 to the centerline (C) of the tread width andfrom the centerline (C) to the shoulder 22, respectively. Thus, the tworegions 42A, 42B arranged end-to-end essentially extend the full widthof the tread 18. In contrast to the embodiment of the tread 18 shown inFIG. 4, a maximum thickness of the inner tread layer 38 of FIG. 5 may belocated near one or both of the shoulders 20, 22 of the tread 18. Assuch, the inner tread layer 38 may continuously decrease in thicknessfrom near the shoulder 20 to the centerline (C) of the tread 18 and thencontinuously increases in thickness from centerline (C) of the tread 18to the shoulder 22. The individual thicknesses of the outer and innertread layers 36, 38 may be unrelated. The thickness variation of theinner tread layer 38 shown is approximately linear across each region42A, 42B. Thus, the thickness of the inner tread layer 38 varieslinearly with respect to the widthwise location within the respectivewidthwise region 42A, 42B. Where the tread 18 is of a uniform thickness,the outer tread layer 36 varies in thickness such that it complementsthe thickness variation of the inner tread layer 38. The outer treadlayer 36 gradually increases in thickness from the shoulder 20 to thecenterline (C) and then decreases in thickness from the centerline (C)to the shoulder 22. By way of example, the outer tread layer 36 may varylinearly across both widthwise regions 42A, 42B. It will be appreciatedthat while a linear relationship or an approximation thereof is shownand described, the relative thickness variation between the outer andinner tread layers 36, 38 may be represented by other mathematicalexpressions and still maintain a continuously increasing, or decreasing,thickness relationship. The combined thicknesses of the outer and innertread layers 36, 38 may thus represent the thickness of the tread 18 atany widthwise location on the tread 18. It will be appreciated that theinvention is not limited to having a uniformly thick tread. Furthermore,while the linear relationships shown are similar in each respectivewidthwise region 42A, 42B, embodiments of the present invention are notlimited to similar linear relationships between the two regions 42A,42B. It will be appreciated that one region may have a linearrelationship while the second or other widthwise regions may benonlinear in nature, though of a continuously increasing or decreasingthickness.

In addition, it will be appreciated that the two widthwise regions 42A,42B may not be arranged symmetrically with respect to the centerline(C). Thus, exposure of the inner tread layer 38 may also not besymmetrical with respect to the centerline or midpoint of the tread 18.An asymmetrical exposure of the inner tread layer 38 with respect to thecenterline of the tread 18 may compensate for known asymmetrical loadingon the tread 18 or another characteristic of the tire 10.

As with the exemplary embodiments of the invention shown in FIGS. 1 and4, the inner tread layer 38 of FIG. 5 may be made of the firstelastomeric compound and the outer tread layer 36 may be made of thesecond elastomeric compound. Alternatively, the inner tread layer 38 maybe made of the second elastomeric compound and the outer tread layer 36may be made of the first elastomeric compound. The selection of thecompounds for either of the layers 36, 38 may depend upon variousfactors including the type of tire and the desired performancecharacteristics, among others.

The composition of the compounds together with the continuous variationin thickness between the outer and inner tread layers 36, 38 providesimproved wear resistance and wet traction over the life of the tire 10.As introduced above, the second elastomeric compound may have a greaterwear resistance and/or lower rolling resistance than the firstelastomeric compound. In addition, or alternatively, the firstelastomeric compound may have a greater wet traction than the secondelastomeric compound. A greater wear resistance generally means that agiven thickness of the compound thins at a lower rate than a compoundhaving a relatively lower wear resistance. And, a lower rollingresistance generally means that less energy is required to roll a giventread over a given distance than another compound. The wet traction isrepresentative of a coefficient of friction in contact with a roadsurface when that surface is wet. A compound with a relatively high wettraction has a relatively high coefficient of friction and thus is notas likely to slide when in contact with the wet surface when all otherfactors remain the same. This is particularly relevant during braking.

Generally, the second elastomeric compound may be positioned to reducethe rate of treadwear. And, the first elastomeric compound may bepositioned to compensate for the loss in traction that is the result ofthe reduction in the depth of the grooves 30 in the tread 18 as thetread 18 wears. By such a construction, wear of the tread first removesthe outer tread layer 36 of the second elastomeric compound, therebyexposing the inner tread layer 38 of the first elastomeric compound,which compensates for the loss in wet traction due to treadwear. It isalso contemplated that the outer and inner tread layer 36, 38 mayalternatively be made of the first and second elastomeric compounds,respectively. The alternative arrangement of the outer and inner treadlayers 36, 38 and compounds may be made to achieve a particularperformance improvement not possible with a tire having a tread made ofa homogenous compound.

The material properties of a particular elastomeric compound may beindicative of the compound's wet traction, rolling resistance, and wearresistance. Generally, in addition to the glass transition temperatureor T_(g), material properties that provide some indication of wettraction and rolling resistance include measurements of rebound and tandelta (δ). The material property that indicates the resistance of thetread to tread wear includes the measurement of the Grosch abrasionresistance or rate.

Tan δ is a ratio of dynamic loss modulus, G″, to dynamic storagemodulus, G′, and is dependent on the temperature of the compound duringmeasurement. Tan δ is a ratio of the viscous response to the elasticresponse and is a measure of hysteresis. As such, tan δ may beproportional to the energy loss generated under conditions of constantenergy input. A lower hysteresis, as indicated by a relatively small tanδ value, is typically indicative of lower energy loss and less heatgeneration when the compound is cyclically loaded. The lower thehysteresis energy loss is, or the smaller value of the tan δ is, thelower the rolling resistance. A relatively high value of tan δ isindicative of a better wet traction.

While the value of tan δ is dependent on the composition, it is alsodependent on temperature as shown in FIG. 6. With reference to FIG. 6,typically, the relationship between the values of tan δ and temperatureresult in one or more peaks or maximums in the values of tan δ at aparticular temperature (labeled “Tan delta peak” in FIG. 6). The peak intan δ generally represents the maximum absorption of energy of thecompound at a constant loading frequency. The differences in propertiesbetween the compounds may be indicated by a difference between thetemperatures at which the peak in the tan δ occurs. By way of example,the first elastomeric compound may be a blend of about 75 parts of highstyrene SSBR to about 25 parts BR with resins, and the secondelastomeric compound may be a blend of about 70 parts low styrene SSBRto about 30 parts BR without resins. In this case, the first elastomericcompound may have a peak in the temperature versus tan δ plot thatoccurs at a higher temperature than a peak in the temperature plotversus tan δ of the second elastomeric compound.

Rather than measuring tan δ across a large range of temperatures, tan δmay be measured according to industry standards, such as, ASTM D5992, atspecific measurement temperatures. Usually, these temperatures are 0°,60°, 90°, and 100° C. It is believed that a relatively low value of tanδ at about 60° C. is an indication of better rolling resistance. It isalso believed that a relatively high value of tan δ at about 0° C. is anindication of a better wet traction. By way of example, the firstelastomeric compound may have a tan δ value at around 0° C. that isgreater than a corresponding tan δ value of the second elastomericcompound, and thus the first elastomeric compound may have a better wettraction than the second elastomeric compound. By way of additionalexample, the second elastomeric compound may have a tan δ value ataround 60° C. that is less than the first elastomeric compound at thesame temperature, and thus the second elastomeric compound may have abetter rolling resistance than the first elastomeric compound. In oneembodiment, the tan δ values for the first elastomeric compound aregreater than the tan δ values for the second elastomeric compound at alltemperatures greater than 0° C.

Rebound is also a measure of hysteresis of the compound when subject toloading, though rebound is measured by ASTM D1054. Generally, the lowerthe measured rebound at 0° C., the greater the wet traction. The higherthe measured rebound at 60° C., the lower the rolling resistance.

The resistance to abrasion for the compounds may be evaluated bymeasuring the Grosch abrasion rate. A lower Grosch abrasion rateindicates a more wear resistant compound. To measure the Grosch abrasionrate, a sample of the compound is placed at a slip angle under constantload as it traverses a given distance on a rotating abrasive disk (fromHB Schleifmittel GmbH). Frictional forces, both lateral andcircumferential, generated by the abrading sample can be measuredtogether with the load using a custom tri-axial load cell. The surfacetemperature of the abrading wheel is monitored during testing and isreported as an average temperature.

The Grosch abrasion rate test may be run on a LAT-100 abrader and ismeasured in terms of mg/km of material abraded away. The compound may besubject to three levels of abrasion severity (low, medium, and high). Ina low severity test, the sample is loaded with 20 Newtons at a slipangle of 2° on the disk, which is run at a speed of 20 or 40 kilometersper hour (kph) for a distance of 7,500 meters. According to the mediumseverity test, a load of 40 Newtons is used on the sample oriented at aslip angle of 6°. The disk speed is 20 kph and the sample traveldistance is 1,000 meters. A high abrasion severity test may be run at aload of 70 Newtons at a slip angle of 12°, a disk speed of 20 kilometersper hour, and a sample travel distance of 250 m. In one embodiment, themeasured Grosch abrasion rate of the second elastomeric compound is lessthan the measured Grosch abrasion rate of the first elastomericcompound.

Another material property that may be used as an indicator of theperformance of the compounds is the glass transition temperature orT_(g) of the compound. The glass transition temperature may be definedas the temperature above which the compound behaves in an elastic orrubbery manner rather than in a glassy or brittle manner. Where thecompound is composed of two or more immiscible materials, each of thosematerials may exhibit a T_(g) such that the compound may have multipleglass transition temperatures, one for each phase in the compound. Inone embodiment, the first elastomeric compound has a T_(g) that isgreater than the T_(g) of the second elastomeric compound. By way ofexample, the T_(g) of the first elastomeric compound may be in the rangeof about −10° C. to about −40° C., and the T_(g) of the secondelastomeric compound may be in the range of about −30° C. to about −60°C.

Fillers may be added to one or both of the first and second elastomericcompositions to change the respective properties thereof. However, whileaddition of a filler to the compound may increase a desiredcharacteristic, such as wet traction, the addition may also causedeterioration of another characteristic, such as the rolling resistance.According to one embodiment, silica may be added to the compound toimprove the wet traction of the compound. However, addition of silicamay also increase the rolling resistance. High levels of silica may beone component of the first elastomeric compound. In another embodiment,the first and second elastomeric compositions may include silica butdiffer in silica content. The first elastomeric composition may have ahigher silica content than the silica content of the second elastomericcomposition.

By way of example, the first elastomeric composition may include fromabout 70 phr to about 110 phr silica, and the second elastomericcomposition may include less than 70 phr silica. By way of furtherexample, the second elastomeric composition may include an amount ofsilica in the range of about 50 phr to about 70 phr silica, and thefirst elastomeric composition may include an amount of silica in anamount greater than 70 phr silica. It will be appreciated, however, thatas little as 40 phr silica is possible in the second elastomericcomposition when silica is included therein. It will also be appreciatedthat other fillers, such as, carbon black, may be used in thecomposition to cause a difference in the wet traction characteristicbetween the first and the second elastomeric compositions. In addition,one or both of the compositions may also include one or more fillercomponents, which can include calcium carbonate, clay, mica, silicates,talc, titanium dioxide, starch and other organic fillers, such as woodflour.

In addition, to achieve a relative difference in temperature in the tanδ peak, resins may be added to one or both of the first and secondelastomeric compounds to change the respective properties thereof.However, while addition of resins to the compound may increase a desiredcharacteristic, such as wet traction, the addition may also causedeterioration of another characteristic, such as the rolling resistanceand treadwear. The reverse may also be true, i.e., addition of resinsmay also increase the rolling resistance and decrease treadwearresistance. In one embodiment, the first elastomeric compound maycontain relatively high percentages of resins. In another embodiment,the first and second elastomeric compositions may include resins, butthe resin composition may differ. In one embodiment, the firstelastomeric composition may include from about 5 phr to about 20 phrresins, and the second elastomeric composition may include up to about10 phr resins.

It will be appreciated that there are a wide variety of polymers andresins that may be used in the manufacture of the outer and inner treadlayers 36, 38 to obtain a relative difference in T_(g) or difference intemperature between locations of the peak in the tan δ curve, asdescribed herein. It will also be appreciated that numerous additionaladditives are known in the art and may also be added to provide acompound having desired physical properties. Such known and commonlyused additive materials are activators, retarders and accelerators,rubber processing oils, resins including tackifying resins,plasticizers, fatty acids, zinc oxide, waxes, antidegradant,antiozonants, peptizing agents, and curatives. As is known to thosehaving ordinary skill in the art, depending on the intended use of thetire 10, the additives are selected and used in conventional amounts.

According to one embodiment, the mixing of all of the components of thecompositions for the tread 18 can be accomplished by methods known tothose having ordinary skill in the art. For example, the ingredients canbe mixed in at least two non-productive stages followed by a productivemix stage. The final curatives are typically mixed in the final stage,which is conventionally called the “productive” mix stage in which themixing typically occurs at a temperature, or ultimate temperature, lowerthan the vulcanization temperature of the elastomer. The terms“non-productive” and “productive” mix stages are well known to thosehaving skill in the runner mixing art. The layer 36 and/or layer 38 maybe provided as a sheet that is formed, e.g., by extrusion casting.Alternatively, the tread 18 may be made by introducing the compositionsinto either a quad-extruder equipped with different zone dies or into agear pump extruder so as to form a green tread with different compoundsthat, when cured, result in the different layers described above.

Furthermore, the pneumatic tire 10 can be built on a tire forming drum(not shown), vulcanization temperature can be from about 100° C. toabout 250° C. For example, passenger tires might be cured at atemperature ranging from about 150° C. to about 180° C. and truck tiresmight be cured at a temperature ranging from about 130° C. to about 170°C. Cure time may vary from about five minutes to several hours. Curetime and temperature depend on many variables well known in the art,including the composition of the tire components, including the curesystems in each of the layers, the overall tire size and thickness, etc.Vulcanization of the assembled tire results in complete or substantiallycomplete vulcanization or crosslinking of all elements or layers of thetire assembly, e.g. the tread 18, the carcass 16, and the sidewalls 12.In addition to developing the desired strength characteristics of eachlayer and the overall structure, vulcanization enhances adhesion betweenthese elements, resulting in a cured, unitary tire 10 from what wereseparate, multiple layers.

Non-limiting examples of the first and second elastomeric compounds foruse in the outer and inner layers 36, 38 in accordance with the detaileddescription are disclosed below. The example is merely for the purposeof illustration and is not to be regarded as limiting the scope of theinvention or the manner in which it can be practiced. Other exampleswill be appreciated by a person having ordinary skill in the art.

TABLE 1 1^(st) elastomeric 2^(nd) elastomeric Ingredient compound(parts) compound (parts) 40% Styrene SSBR¹ 103 21% SSBR² — 70 Cis1,4-polybutadiene A³ — 30 Cis 1,4-polybutadiene B⁴ 25 — PrecipitatedSilica⁵ 90 60 Carbon black A⁶ 9 — Carbon black B⁷ — 4.8 Rubberprocessing aid⁸ 1.5 16.5 Coupling agent⁹ 7.6 4.8 Resins¹⁰ 15 —Antidegradant 4 3 Stearic acid 4 3 Zinc oxide 0.5 1.8 Sulfur 0.6 1.9Accelerators 1.9 3.2 ¹oil extended, methoxysilano-functionalizedsolution polymerized copolymer of butadiene and styrene, SSBR, with 40%bound styrene, 14.4% vinyl content, available commercially as SESLR-6430 from Dow Deutschland Anlagengesellschaft GmbH ²functionalizedSBR as a solution polymerization prepared styrene/butadiene rubberfunctionalized with an alkoxysilane group and functional group comprisedof a thiol group and having 21% bound styrene as SLR SE4602 ™ from DowEurope GmbH ³high cis 1,4-polybutadiene rubber, available commerciallyas Bud1208 ™ from The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company ⁴about 95% to about98% cis 1,4-isomeric units, about 1% to about 3% cis 1,4-isomeric transunits, and about 0.3% to about 9% vinyl 1,2-content; a number averagemolecular weight (Mn) in a range of from about 230,000 to about 250,000with a heterogeneity index (Mw/Mn) in a range of from about 1.5 to 1 toabout 2 to 1, and a T_(g) in a range of from about −104° to about −109°C., available commercially from Lanxess as CB25 ™ ⁵precipitated Silicaavailable commercially as Zeosil 1165MP ™ from Rhodia ⁶ASTM designationN134 ⁷ASTM designation N330 ⁸rubber processing oil and wax⁹bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) poly sulfide having an average in a rangeof from about 3.6 to about 4 connecting sulfur atoms in its polysulfidicbridge available commercially as Si69 ™ from Evonic Degussa¹⁰styrene/alphamethylstyrene resin and medium hard Coumarone Indeneresin

The first and second elastomeric compositions were individually preparedaccording to industry standard practices. The compositions were cured ata temperature of about 160° C. for about 14 minutes and the physicalproperties of the compounds were evaluated. The physical property datais provided in Table 2.

TABLE 2 1st elastomeric 2nd elastomeric Properties compound compound Wettraction 0° C. Rebound¹ 8.2 25.2 tan δ (3%; 0° C.; 10 Hz)² 0.615 0.337Rolling Resistance Room Temp. Reboud¹ 23.6 51.2 100° C. Rebound 61.175.5 tan δ (3%; 30° C.; 10 Hz)² 0.287 0.12 tan δ (3%; 60° C.; 10 Hz)²0.176 0.076 tan δ (10%; 100° C.; 11 Hz)³ 0.112 0.069 Treadwear GroschAbrasion rate⁴ @ Low, mg/km 5.67 2.14 Grosch Abrasion rate⁴ @ Med, mg/km82.8 31.5 Grosch Abrasion rate⁴ @ High, mg/km 410 297 Other properties⁵100% Modulus, MPa 2.65 1.80 300% Modulus, MPa 13.9 13.4 TensileStrength, MPa 21.0 17.3 Elongation at Break, % 441 384 Room Temp.Hardness 75.9 60.8 100° C. Hardness 66.3 58.6 ¹rebound as measured byASTM D1054 ²dynamic measurement from the temperature sweep at 3% strainand 10 Hz by ASTM B5992 ³rubber process analyzer (RPA) instrument⁴measured on a LAT-100 Abrader ⁵Automated Testing System (ATS)instrument

As indicated by the data in Table 2, the first elastomeric compound hasa greater wet traction than the second elastomeric compound. Thistranslates to shorter vehicular stopping distances for equal exposurebetween the first elastomeric compound and the second elastomericcompound. As set forth above, a lower rebound value is an indication ofbetter wet traction. Referring to Table 2, the value of 0° C. rebound of8.2 of the first elastomeric compound indicates that it has a better wettraction than the second elastomeric composition which has a 0° C.rebound value of 25.2. The relative improvement between the wet tractionof the first elastomeric compound and the second elastomeric compound isindicated by the ratio between the two, which is slightly greater than 3to 1.

The tan δ value at 0° C., 3% strain, and 10 Hz for each compound is alsoa relative indication of wet traction. A higher value of tan δ at 0° C.is an indication of better wet traction. As shown, the first elastomericcomposition has a tan δ value at 0° C. of 0.615 and the secondelastomeric composition has a tan δ value of 0.337 or a ratio of about1.8 to 1. The relative difference in values between the first and secondelastomeric compounds indicates a proportional and significantdifference in wet traction.

As is also indicated by the data in Table 2, the second elastomericcompound is characterized as having a lower rolling resistance than thefirst elastomeric compound. This is so because all of the roomtemperature and elevated temperature rebound values are greater than therespective room and elevated temperature rebound values for the firstelastomeric composition. As shown, the measured room temperature reboundfor the second elastomeric compound is about 51.2, whereas therespective rebound for the first elastomeric compound is about 23.6. Theratio of the two is consequently slightly greater than 2 to 1 forrelative room temperature rebound. The elevated temperature reboundvalues are similarly different with the second elastomeric compoundbeing greater than the first elastomeric compound by a ratio of about1.2 to 1.

Further, Table 2 also provides data that indicates that the 30° C. and60° C. tan δ values of the second elastomeric compound are lower thanthe 30° C. and 60° C. tan delta values for the first elastomericcompound. Accordingly, the second elastomeric compound has a lowerhysteresis energy loss than the first elastomeric compound at thesetemperatures. As such, the second elastomeric compound has a lowerrolling resistance than the first elastomeric compound. As calculatedfrom their respective values, the second elastomeric compound has tan δvalues that are greater by a ratio of about 2.3 to 1 for each of themeasurements at 30° C. and 60° C. relative to the first elastomericcomposition. Similarly, the tan δ values at 10% strain, 100° C., and 11Hz for the second elastomeric compound is greater than the correspondingvalue for the first elastomeric compound by a ratio of about 1.6 to 1.This is considered to be significant as a tread configured with thefirst and second elastomeric compound as described herein may have areduced hysteresis loss that promotes low rolling resistance andconsequently improved fuel efficiency versus a homogenous tire, thoughthe tread would be expected to maintain wet traction as the tread wears.

With regard to wear resistance, the data in Table 2 indicates that thesecond elastomeric compound has relatively high resistance to wear ascompared to the first elastomeric compound. In particular, each of theabrasion rates for the second elastomeric compound measured lower thanthe first elastomeric compound. According to the data, the secondelastomeric compound abrades at a rate that is less than half of theabrasion rate measured for the first elastomeric compound with the“severe” abrasion rate being around 38% less than the abrasion rate ofthe first elastomeric compound.

Also according to Table 2, the mechanical properties indicate that thetwo compounds meet or exceed industry norms for use of the materials ina tread.

While the present invention has been illustrated by the description ofone or more embodiments thereof, and while the embodiments have beendescribed in considerable detail, they are not intended to restrict orin any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail.Additional advantage and modifications will readily appear to thoseskilled in the art. The invention in its broader aspects is thereforenot limited to the specific details, representative methods andillustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures maybe made from such details without departing from the scope or spirit ofapplicant's general inventive concept.

What is claimed is:
 1. A pneumatic tire comprising: an outercircumferential tread having an outer tread layer in direct andcontinuous contact with an inner tread layer, the outer and inner treadlayers together defining the tread thickness, the inner tread layercomprising a first elastomeric compound or a second elastomeric compoundand the outer tread layer comprising the other of the first elastomericcompound or the second elastomeric compound, the second elastomericcompound having lower rolling resistance and greater resistance totreadwear than the first elastomeric compound, the inner tread layerincreases in thickness across at least a widthwise portion of the treadwith a maximum thickness of one of the inner tread layer and the outertread layer occurring near at least one of a first shoulder and a secondshoulder of the tread, whereby as the tread wears, the inner tread layerdefines a greater proportion of a running surface of the tread.
 2. Thetire of claim 1 wherein a maximum thickness of the inner tread layer isapproximately equal to the tread thickness.
 3. The tire of claim 1wherein a maximum thickness of the inner tread layer is located near thefirst shoulder.
 4. The tire of claim 1 wherein a maximum thickness ofthe outer tread layer is located near the first shoulder.
 5. The tire ofclaim 1 wherein the maximum thickness of the outer tread layer is nearthe first shoulder and a minimum thickness of the outer tread layer isnear the centerline of the tread.
 6. The tire of claim 1 wherein theouter tread layer continuously increases in thickness from a minimumthickness to the maximum thickness between the first and secondshoulder, respectively.
 7. The tire of claim 1 wherein the variation inthe thickness of the outer tread layer from the maximum thickness to aminimum thickness is approximately linear.
 8. The tire of claim 1wherein the outer tread layer continuously increases in thickness fromnear a central region of the tread to near the first shoulder.
 9. Thetire of claim 1 wherein the outer tread layer continuously increases inthickness from near a central region of the tread to near the first andsecond shoulder.
 10. The tire of claim 1 wherein the first elastomericcompound has a greater peak in tan δ at a higher temperature than thetemperature at which tan δ peaks in the second elastomeric compound. 11.The tire of claim 1 wherein the first elastomeric compound has a greaterwet traction than the second elastomeric compound.
 12. The tire of claim1 wherein the first elastomeric compound contains a greater portion ofsilica than the second elastomeric compound.
 13. The tire of claim 1wherein the tread comprises a tread pattern including tire grooves thatextend through the outer tread layer and into the inner tread layer, andwherein the tread is configured to wear such that the rate of exposureof the inner tread layer substantially compensates for a reduction inthe volume of the tire grooves.
 14. The tire of claim 13 wherein theinner tread is exposed in the tire grooves.
 15. A pneumatic tirecomprising: an outer circumferential tread having an outer tread layerin direct and continuous contact with an inner tread layer, the outerand inner tread layers together defining the tread thickness, and atread pattern having tire grooves extending through the outer treadlayer and into the inner tread layer to define valleys, the valleys ofthe tire grooves being devoid of the outer tread layer, the inner treadlayer having a maximum thickness near a central region of the tread andcomprising a first elastomeric compound; and the outer tread layercomprising a second elastomeric compound having lower rolling resistanceand greater resistance to treadwear than the first elastomeric compound,the outer tread layer increasing in thickness across at least awidthwise portion of the outer tread layer from near the central regionof the tread to a maximum thickness near at least one of a firstshoulder and a second shoulder of the tread to provide longer lastingwear resistance for the tire at the at least one shoulder, whereby asthe tread wears, the inner tread layer defines a greater proportion of arunning surface of the tread.
 16. The tire of claim 15 wherein the treadis configured to wear such that the rate of exposure of the inner treadlayer substantially compensates for a reduction in the volume of thetread pattern.
 17. The tire of claim 15 wherein the variation in thethickness of the outer tread layer from a minimum thickness near thecentral region of the tread to the maximum thickness is approximatelylinear.
 18. The tire of claim 15 wherein the first elastomeric compoundhas a greater glass transition temperature than the second elastomericcompound.
 19. The tire of claim 15 wherein the first elastomericcompound has a greater wet traction than the second elastomericcompound.
 20. The tire of claim 15 wherein the first elastomericcompound contains a greater portion of silica than the secondelastomeric compound.